Terrazzo tile polishing machines operate by using abrasive pads or discs that rotate at high speed against the terrazzo tile surface. These abrasive elements gradually remove surface irregularities, scratches, and marks, and smooth out the surface. The machine's motion and pressure, combined with different grit sizes of abrasives, result in a polished surface, with finer abrasives used in successive stages to achieve a smoother and shinier finish.