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Top 10 Photovoltaic Power Generation Brand & Manufacturers

This section provides a list of the top 10 Photovoltaic Power Generation manufacturers, Website links, company profile, locations is provided for each company. Also provides a detailed product description of the Photovoltaic Power Generation, including product introduction, history, purpose, principle, characteristics, types, usage and purchase precautions, etc.

Manufacturers （Ranking in no particular order）

: State Power Investment Corporation

Address: Building 1, No. 29, North Third Ring Road, Xicheng District, Beijing

Company website: http://www.spic.com.cn/

Company Overview

State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC) is a large-scale state-owned key enterprise directly managed by the central government. It shoulders the important mission of ensuring national energy security. It was reorganized and established in May 2015 by China Power Investment Corporation and State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation. SPIC has an asset scale of 1.83 trillion yuan, 130,000 employees, and 68 secondary units. The total installed capacity is 244 million kilowatts, of which clean energy accounts for 70.13%. SPIC has four distinct characteristics: It has a full range of power generation categories. It is an energy enterprise with all types of power generation, including photovoltaic power generation, wind power, nuclear power, hydropower, coal power, gas power, and biomass power generation. It has good clean development. After more than ten years of green and low-carbon transformation and development, it has achieved 171 million kilowatts of clean energy installed capacity, accounting for 70.13%, becoming the world's largest photovoltaic power generation, new energy power generation, and clean energy power generation company. The responsibility of scientific and technological innovation is heavy. At the same time, it is responsible for the two major national science and technology projects of "Large Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant" and "Heavy Gas Turbine", undertakes nearly 100 key independent research tasks deployed by the state and local governments, and undertakes the construction of 40 national and provincial and ministerial innovation platforms. The industrial chain is well constructed, and the upstream and downstream of coal, electricity, aluminum, roads, and ports are integrated and coordinated. It takes the lead in promoting industrial integration models such as coal-electricity joint ventures, water-light complementarity, and green electricity aluminum smelting. It has established a complete third-generation nuclear power design, construction, operation and maintenance and verification system, and explored the path of intensive resource development, industry power gathering, and green circular development. With the mission of "creating green value", the core values of "green, innovation, integration, true belief, true work, and true success", the further comprehensive deepening of reform is the driving force, and the development of new quality productivity is the important focus. It fully implements the "balanced growth strategy", promotes the construction of a world-class clean energy enterprise with global competitiveness, and plays a new energy movement of "wind and light unlimited state power investment" in the process of Chinese modernization.

: China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.

Address: No. 6 Fuxingmennei Street, Xicheng District, Beijing

Company website: http://www.chng.com.cn/

Company Overview

China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as China Huaneng) is an important state-owned backbone enterprise approved by the State Council and founded in 1985. China Huaneng was born out of reform and opening up, and has grown and developed with the reform and opening up. It is a banner of China's power industry, continues to lead the progress of the power generation industry, and embarks on a new journey of creating a world-class enterprise in the new era. The company has a registered capital of RMB 34.9 billion. Its main businesses include power development, investment, construction, operation and management, power (heat) production and sales, development, investment, construction, production and sales of finance, coal, transportation, new energy, environmental protection related industries and products, and industrial investment, operation and management. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China Huaneng has resolutely shouldered the mission and responsibility of central enterprises and has continuously taken solid steps on the road of high-quality development. At present, the company has 57 second-level units, more than 480 third-level enterprises, 5 listed companies (Huaneng International, Inner Mongolia Huadian, Xinneng Taishan, Huaneng Hydropower, and Great Wall Securities), and 124,000 employees. Entering the new era, China Huaneng, with the "two overall situations" in mind, stands at the height of building "two foundations" and exerting "six forces" for the cause of the Party and the country, enriching and developing the new era connotation of Huaneng's "three-color company", namely, building a "red" company that serves the national strategy, ensures energy security, and serves socialism with Chinese characteristics; practicing energy revolution, helping ecological civilization, and providing clean energy and electricity to meet the needs of people's better life; participating in global energy governance, serving the construction of the "Belt and Road", and making positive contributions to building a community with a shared future for mankind. "Blue" company. Forging ahead in the new journey, China Huaneng firmly grasps the "three generals", always focuses on the "two paths", exerts the "three roles", firmly implements the "three-six-six" development strategy, and strives to achieve "five better coordination" (better coordination of effective quality improvement and reasonable quantity growth, better coordination of the development of new and traditional industries, better coordination of production and operation, better coordination of development and safety, better coordination of party building and business integration), constantly opening up new situations and writing new chapters, and striding towards the goal of becoming a world-class enterprise.

: China Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd.

Address: No. 22, Xibinhe Road, Andingmen, Dongcheng District, Beijing

Company website: https://www.ceic.com/

Company Overview

China National Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as China National Energy Group) was officially established on November 28, 2017. It is a central backbone energy enterprise jointly reorganized by China Guodian Corporation and Shenhua Group Co., Ltd. with the approval of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. China National Energy Group has full industrial chain businesses such as coal, electricity, transportation, and chemical industry. Its industries are distributed in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities across the country, as well as more than 10 countries and regions such as the United States and Canada. It is the world's largest coal production company, thermal power generation company, wind power generation company, and coal-to-liquid coal chemical company. In 2022, China National Energy Group's total assets will be 1942.2 billion yuan, total profits will be 110 billion yuan, coal production will be 600 million tons, heat supply will be 498 million GJ, power generation will be 1139.3 billion kWh, installed power generation capacity will be 288 million kW, total thermal power installed capacity will be 199 million kW, hydropower installed capacity will be 18.68 million kW, total wind power installed capacity will be 53.73 million kW, and new energy installed capacity will be 70.14 million kW.

: China Huadian Corporation

Address: No. 2 Xuanwumennei Street, Xicheng District, Beijing

Company website: http://www.chd.com.cn/

Company Overview

China Huadian Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "China Huadian") is a state-owned power generation enterprise established at the end of 2002 as part of the national power system reform. It is a large-scale central enterprise supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. Its main businesses are power generation, heat generation and supply, power-related coal and other primary energy development, and related professional and technical services. In recent years, the company has thoroughly implemented the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and the national energy strategy, accelerated structural adjustment, focused on improving quality and efficiency, deepened reform and innovation, strengthened party building, and continuously enhanced its comprehensive strength and significantly improved its industry status. China Huadian focuses on its main business of power generation, jointly promotes coal, finance, and science and technology industries, prudently expands emerging industries, and actively promotes international development. Accelerate the adjustment of the power generation industry structure and focus on improving the level of clean energy. Seriously implement the new energy security strategy of "four revolutions and one cooperation", adhere to what we should do and what we should not do, accelerate structural adjustment, optimize layout, and improve the competitiveness of the power generation industry.

: China Three Gorges New Energy (Group) Co., Ltd.

Address: Building 1, Poly Metropolis, No. 156, Xinhua North Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing

Company website: https://www.ctgne.com

Company Overview

China Three Gorges New Energy (Group) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Three Gorges Energy, stock code: 600905) is the strategic implementation entity of the Three Gorges Group's new energy business and carries the historical mission of developing new energy. In recent years, Three Gorges Energy has actively developed onshore wind power and photovoltaic power generation, vigorously developed offshore wind power, accelerated the construction of large-scale wind power and photovoltaic power generation bases focusing on deserts, Gobi and deserts, deeply promoted the integration of source, grid, load and storage and the development of multi-energy complementarity, and actively carried out pumped storage, new energy storage, hydrogen energy, solar thermal and other businesses. At the same time, the investment in related industries with high correlation with new energy business, complementary advantages and strategic synergy effects has basically formed a business pattern of mutual support and coordinated development of wind power, solar energy, energy storage, strategic investment, etc. As of the end of June 2022, Three Gorges Energy's business has covered 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country, with a grid-connected installed capacity of more than 25 million kilowatts and total assets of nearly 250 billion yuan. In June 2021, Three Gorges Energy was officially listed on the main board of the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Three Gorges Energy has always insisted on giving equal importance to scale and efficiency, implementing differentiated competition and cost-leading strategies, and striving to build a world-class new energy company with a reasonable industrial structure, excellent asset quality, significant economic benefits, and advanced management level, contributing wisdom and strength to serving the country's "dual carbon" goals.

: Chint Group Co., Ltd.

Address: Zhengtai Building, Liushi Town Industrial Zone, Yueqing City, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province

Company website: https://www.chint.com/

Company Overview

Chint Aneng Digital Energy (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. was established in 2015 and is a household photovoltaic industry company under Chint. Under the guidance of the two major national strategies of "2060 Carbon Neutrality" and "Rural Revitalization", Chint Aneng actively explores the sinking market and focuses on providing rural users with a full solution of cooperative development, sales, survey and design, installation and after-sales operation and maintenance of rooftop photovoltaic systems. As of now, the cumulative number of users of Chint Aneng has exceeded 1.4 million households.

: China Datang Group Renewable Energy Co., Ltd.

Address: 7-8th Floor, Building 1, No. 1 Caishikou Street, Xicheng District, Beijing

Company website: http://www.cdt-re.com/

Company Overview

China Datang Group New Energy Co., Ltd. (stock code: 1798) was formerly known as Datang Chifeng Saihanba Wind Power Co., Ltd., which was established on September 23, 2004. It is one of the earliest power companies in China engaged in the development of new energy. Since its establishment, after several years of rapid development, the Group was successfully listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on December 17, 2010. As of December 31, 2022, the total number of shares issued by the company was 7,273,701,000 shares. Among them, China Datang Group Co., Ltd. holds a consolidated shareholding ratio of 65.61% and is the company's controlling shareholder. The Group is mainly engaged in the development, investment, construction and management of new energy such as wind power; research and development, application and promotion of low-carbon technology; research, sales, testing and maintenance of new energy related equipment; power generation; design, construction, installation, inspection and maintenance of domestic and foreign power engineering; import and export services of new energy equipment and technology; overseas investment; consulting services related to new energy business, etc. The Group actively develops renewable energy businesses such as wind power generation and solar power generation.

: China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.

Address: No. 1, South Fourth Lane, Yuetan South Street, Sanlihe, Xicheng District, Beijing

Company website: http://www.cnnp.com.cn/

Company Overview

China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as China National Nuclear Power; stock code: 601985), headquartered in Beijing, was jointly established by China National Nuclear Corporation as the controlling shareholder, China Three Gorges Corporation, China Ocean Shipping Group Co., Ltd. and Aerospace Investment Holding Co., Ltd. It invests and controls seven major nuclear power bases in operation and under construction, including Qinshan Nuclear Power, Jiangsu Nuclear Power, Fuqing Nuclear Power, Hainan Nuclear Power, Sanmen Nuclear Power, Zhangzhou Energy, and Liaoning Nuclear Power. It controls China National Nuclear Energy to develop renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaics, and is entrusted with the management and construction of Xiapu Nuclear Power Base. As of March 27, 2023, the company has 28 holding subsidiaries, 1 joint venture company, and 12 shareholding companies, with total assets exceeding 400 billion yuan, a market value of more than 120 billion yuan, and a total number of employees exceeding 18,000. The number of nuclear power units in operation controlled by the company reached 25, with a controlled installed capacity of 23.75 million kilowatts; 9 nuclear power units under construction controlled by the company, with an installed capacity of 10.129 million kilowatts; the cumulative power generation exceeded 1.35 trillion kilowatt-hours, and the cumulative safe operation exceeded 240 reactor-years. The installed capacity of new energy units in operation controlled by the company was 12.5307 million kilowatts; the installed capacity of new energy units under construction was 5.726 million kilowatts. In the first half of 2022, the company achieved operating income of 34.572 billion yuan, an increase of 14.98% over the same period in 2021, and net profit attributable to shareholders of listed companies was 5.437 billion yuan, an increase of 17.36% over the same period in 2021. The total commercial power generation in 2022 was 199.287 billion kilowatt-hours, a year-on-year increase of 9.12%, of which nuclear power generation was 185.239 billion kilowatt-hours, a year-on-year increase of 7%, and the cumulative power generation of new energy was 14.048 billion kilowatt-hours, a year-on-year increase of 47.66%. China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.'s business scope license projects: power generation business, power transmission business, power supply (distribution) business; power supply business. General projects: general equipment repair; intelligent power transmission and distribution and control equipment sales; power transmission and distribution and control equipment manufacturing; technical services, technical development, technical consultation, technical exchanges, technology transfer, technology promotion; power transmission and distribution project investment, investment management. The company has won the honorary titles of state-owned enterprise corporate governance demonstration enterprise, advanced collective of central enterprises, benchmark enterprise for the creation of management benchmarks for key state-owned enterprises, and national power industry corporate culture construction demonstration unit.

: CEC Solar Energy Co., Ltd.

Address: Block A, Energy Saving Building, No. 42, Xizhimen North Street, Haidian District, Beijing

Company website: http://www.tyn.cecep.cn

Company Overview

CEC Solar Energy Co., Ltd. is a holding subsidiary of China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd. It is a listed company in China that focuses on solar power generation and supplements solar cell module manufacturing (stock abbreviation: Solar Energy, stock code: 000591). The company focuses on the comprehensive application of solar energy and is committed to the investment, construction, operation and production of the two main businesses of photovoltaic power stations and photovoltaic manufacturing. Through new technologies and high-efficiency information and digital construction, it effectively promotes the overall improvement of the main business. The company has strong project development, construction and operation management capabilities and has accumulated rich investment experience. At present, it includes a variety of photovoltaic power station models such as ground, water, tidal flats, distributed, and photovoltaic agriculture. As of now, the construction scale exceeds 6GW. The company has invested in the construction of a photovoltaic cell and module manufacturing base in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. Through continuous technical transformation and upgrading and innovation in cooperation models, it now has 1.5GW photovoltaic high-efficiency cell production capacity and 2GW high-efficiency module production capacity, and actively promotes the intelligent manufacturing of high-efficiency solar cells and modules, and strives to become the mainstream high-efficiency battery manufacturer in the industry. The company has excellent technical talents, scientific maintenance management mechanism, and perfect corporate culture system. It adheres to high-level operation management capabilities and the sunny spirit of "hard work and dedication, truth-seeking and innovation, vigorous and resolute action, unity and cooperation", aiming to become a leading enterprise in the comprehensive utilization of new energy at the forefront of China.

: Beijing Energy Group Co., Ltd.

Address: Area A, CBD International Building, No. 16, Yong'an Dongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing

Company website: https://www.powerbeijing.com/

Company Overview

Beijing Energy Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Beijing Energy Group" or "Group") was established in 2004. It was formed by the merger of the former Beijing International Power Development and Investment Company and the former Beijing Comprehensive Investment Company. In 2011 and 2014, it merged and reorganized with Beijing Thermal Power Group Co., Ltd. and Beijing Jingmei Group Co., Ltd., realizing the integration and complementarity of the industrial chain. After years of resource integration, the Group has developed from a single energy industry to a multi-format industry structure including thermal power, electricity, coal, health, culture and tourism. The investment areas are spread across 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country and overseas. It holds controlling stakes in six listed companies, namely, Beijing Energy Clean Energy, Beijing Energy Power, Haohua Energy, Beijing Energy Real Estate, Beijing Energy International and Beijing Energy Thermal Power. Its profit level has long been among the top companies in Beijing. By the end of 2022, the Group's assets will reach RMB 421.1 billion, with net assets of RMB 152.7 billion; operating installed capacity of 38.68 million kilowatts, of which 20.88 million kilowatts are clean energy power generation capacity; coal production capacity of 19.3 million tons/year; heating area of 559 million square meters, of which 377 million square meters are in Beijing, accounting for more than 80% of the heating market in the core area of the capital. Looking to the future, Beijing Energy Group will adhere to the guidance of the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, shoulder the mission of "delivering a bright and warm life", uphold the value of "people-oriented pursuit of excellence", serve the capital, deepen the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and focus on energy, diversify related industries, combine industry and finance, and develop in a coordinated manner.

Categories related to Photovoltaic Power Generation

Photovoltaic Power Generation Information

Information

Photovoltaic Power Generation Information

What is Photovoltaic Power Generation

Photovoltaic power generation is the process of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells. When sunlight shines on the photovoltaic cells, the photons in the sunlight excite the electrons in the semiconductor materials of the cells, generating a potential difference and current, thereby converting solar energy directly into direct current electricity.

History of Photovoltaic Power Generation

In 1839, the French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect. In the following decades, scientists continued to study and improve the photovoltaic effect and semiconductor materials. In 1954, Bell Laboratories in the United States successfully developed the first practical silicon photovoltaic cell, with an efficiency of about 6%, marking the birth of modern photovoltaic power generation technology. In the 1970s, due to the oil crisis and the increasing attention to environmental protection, photovoltaic power generation technology began to develop rapidly. With continuous technological progress and cost reduction, photovoltaic power generation has gradually become one of the important forms of renewable energy generation and has been widely used in various fields.

Purpose of Photovoltaic Power Generation

The main purpose of photovoltaic power generation is to generate clean, renewable electricity to meet the needs of power supply. It helps to reduce the dependence on traditional fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution, and is of great significance for achieving sustainable development goals. It can also be used in remote areas without access to the power grid to provide decentralized power supply, improving the living conditions and economic development level of local residents. In addition, photovoltaic power generation systems can also be combined with buildings and other facilities to realize the integration of energy and architecture, improving the energy efficiency and aesthetics of buildings.

Principle of Photovoltaic Power Generation

Photovoltaic power generation is based on the photovoltaic effect of semiconductor materials. When sunlight irradiates the p-n junction of the semiconductor material in the photovoltaic cell, the photons with sufficient energy excite the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor to jump to the conduction band, leaving holes in the valence band. Under the action of the internal electric field of the p-n junction, the electrons and holes are separated and move to the two electrodes of the cell respectively, generating a potential difference and current. The generated direct current electricity can be used directly or converted into alternating current electricity through an inverter and then sent to the power grid or used for local consumption.

Features of Photovoltaic Power Generation

1. Clean and renewable: Solar energy is an extremely clean and renewable energy source. Photovoltaic power generation does not produce greenhouse gases, pollutants, or noise during the generation process, which is very beneficial to the environment and sustainable development.
2. Wide distribution: Solar energy is widely distributed all over the world, and as long as there is sunlight, photovoltaic power generation can be carried out. It is not subject to geographical restrictions and can be installed and used in various locations such as deserts, rooftops, and facades of buildings.
3. Flexible installation: Photovoltaic power generation systems can be installed in different forms and scales according to the actual situation, such as rooftop photovoltaic power generation, ground photovoltaic power generation, and building-integrated photovoltaic power generation. It can also be adjusted in capacity and layout according to the needs of power supply, with strong flexibility.
4. Low operation and maintenance costs: Once the photovoltaic power generation system is installed and put into operation, the operation and maintenance costs are relatively low. The system has no moving parts, and the service life of photovoltaic cells is relatively long. Regular cleaning and inspection can ensure the normal operation of the system.
5. Decentralized power generation: It can realize decentralized power generation at the user end, reducing the transmission and distribution losses of the power grid and improving the energy utilization efficiency. It is also suitable for providing power supply in remote areas and islands where the power grid is difficult to reach.
6. Some intermittency: The power output of photovoltaic power generation is affected by the intensity and duration of sunlight, and there is intermittency and instability. It needs to be coordinated and compensated by other power generation methods or energy storage devices to ensure the stability and reliability of the power grid.[!--empirenews.page--]

Types of Photovoltaic Power Generation

Rooftop Photovoltaic Power Generation: Installs photovoltaic modules on the rooftops of buildings, which can be used for self-use or grid connection. It has the advantages of not occupying land resources, convenient installation and maintenance, and is suitable for urban and rural households, commercial buildings and other users.

Ground Photovoltaic Power Generation: Builds large photovoltaic power plants on the ground, usually with a large scale and high power generation capacity. It is suitable for areas with rich solar resources and large available land areas, such as deserts, grasslands and other areas.

Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Power Generation: Integrates photovoltaic modules with building materials and structures, making the building itself have the function of power generation. It can not only generate electricity but also improve the energy efficiency and aesthetics of the building, and is a new form of building energy-saving and photovoltaic power generation integration.

Floating Photovoltaic Power Generation: Installs photovoltaic modules on the water surface, such as reservoirs, lakes and other water bodies. It has the advantages of not occupying land resources, reducing water evaporation and cooling the water body, and is suitable for some areas with water resources and solar resources.

Concentrated Photovoltaic Power Generation: Uses lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a small area of photovoltaic cells to improve the light intensity and power generation efficiency. It usually requires a tracking system to track the sun, and the cost is relatively high, but the power generation efficiency is relatively high.

Precautions for using Photovoltaic Power Generation

Before installing the photovoltaic power generation system, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive survey and evaluation of the solar radiation resources in the area to ensure that the selected location has sufficient and stable sunlight to ensure the economic and efficient operation of the system.

During the installation process, it is necessary to strictly follow the installation procedures and technical standards to ensure the quality and safety of the installation. The installation personnel must have professional qualifications and experience to ensure the correct installation and commissioning of the equipment.

Regularly maintain and inspect the photovoltaic power generation system to ensure the normal operation of the equipment. Check the photovoltaic modules, inverters, cables and other components regularly to detect and deal with potential problems in time to prevent accidents and equipment failures.

Pay attention to the impact of the photovoltaic power generation system on the environment and the surrounding area. Although photovoltaic power generation itself is relatively clean, the production and disposal of photovoltaic modules may have an impact on the environment. It is necessary to choose environmentally friendly products and proper disposal methods.

When the photovoltaic power generation system is connected to the power grid, it is necessary to ensure the compatibility and stability of the grid connection. The power quality and grid connection standards of the generated electricity must meet the requirements of the power grid to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid.

Things to consider when purchasing Photovoltaic Power Generation Equipment

Solar resource conditions: It is necessary to accurately understand the solar radiation situation in the installation area and select the appropriate equipment model and capacity according to the sunlight intensity, duration and other factors to ensure the economic and efficient operation of the equipment.

Equipment quality and reliability: Choose well-known brands and reliable manufacturers to ensure the quality and reliability of the equipment. Check the technical parameters, performance indicators and quality certification of the equipment to ensure that the equipment can operate stably and continuously for a long time.

After-sales service: The operation and maintenance of photovoltaic power generation equipment requires professional technical support and after-sales service. It is necessary to choose manufacturers or suppliers with good after-sales service to ensure the timely maintenance and repair of the equipment and reduce the downtime and loss.

Cost and investment return: Consider the initial investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, power generation income and other factors to calculate the investment return period and economic benefit of the equipment. Select the equipment with the best cost performance and the shortest investment return period under the premise of meeting the requirements of power generation.[!--empirenews.page--]

Grid connection and power quality: Ensure that the equipment can meet the requirements of grid connection and power quality. The generated electricity must meet the standards of the power grid in terms of voltage, frequency, phase and other aspects to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid.

Environmental protection and noise reduction: Consider the impact of the equipment on the environment and the surrounding area. Select equipment with low noise and small environmental impact to reduce the impact on the lives of the surrounding residents and the ecological environment.

Terms of Photovoltaic Power Generation

Some common terms in photovoltaic power generation include photovoltaic cell, photovoltaic module, inverter, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), fill factor, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, rated power, efficiency, shading effect, temperature coefficient, grid connection, energy storage, etc. Understanding these terms is helpful for better understanding and operation of photovoltaic power generation systems.